« Previous
Next »
Current Problems in Cardiology
Volume 32, Issue 5
, Pages 268-314
, May 2007
HDL Cholesterol: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Management
References
- High-density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Am J Med. 1977;62:707–714
- High-density lipoprotein and cardiovascular disease (Four prospective American studies). Circulation. 1989;79:8–15
- Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;354:937–952
- Declining serum total cholesterol levels among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination surveys. JAMA. 1993;269:3002–3008
- Distribution of lipids in 8500 men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:1196–1201
- Coronary heart disease in patients with low LDL-cholesterol: benefit of pravastatin in diabetics and enhanced role for HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as risk factors. Circulation. 2002;105(12):1424–1428
- . Plasma LDL and HDL subspecies are heterogeneous in particle content of tocopherols and oxygenated and hydrocarbon caretenoids (Relevance to oxidative resistance and atherogenesis). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:786–796
- The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis; the role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:993–1007
- . High-density lipoprotein—the clinical implications of recent studies. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1311–1316
- Importance of different pathways of cellular cholesterol efflux. Arterioscler Vasc Biol. 2003;23:712–719
- ATP-binding cassette transporters G1 and G4 mediate cellular efflux to high densiy lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:9774–9779
- . Targeting cholesteryl ester transfer protein for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:492–499
- Scavenger receptor B1 and cholesterol trafficking. Curr Opin Lipid. 1999;10:329–339
- Lipoprotein cholesteryl ester production, transfer and output in humans. J Lipid Res. 2004;45:1594–1607
- Apolipoprotein A-I containing lipoproteins in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1987;68:35–40
- Cholesterol efflux, cholesterol esterification, and cholesteryl ester transfer by LpA-I and LpA-I/A-II in native plasma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15:1412–1418
- HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 subfractions, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (A prospective population study in eastern Finnish men). Circulation. 1991;84:129–139
- Value of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subpopulations in predicting recurrent cardiovascular events in the veterans affairs HDL intervention trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:2185–2191
- . Oxidized LDL and atherogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;874:134–137
- High-density lipoprotein inhibits the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (PG-275-83). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990;1044:275–283
- HDL and the inflammatory response induced by LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:481–488
- Oxidized lipoproteins inhibit endothelium-dependent vasodilation (Effects of pressure and high-density lipoprotein). Hypertension. 1994;23:556–564
- Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;1135–1143
- Reconstituted HDL containing apolipoprotein A-1 reduces VCAM-1 expression and neointima formation following periadventitial cuff-induced carotid injury in apoE null mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;264:465–468
- Elevation of plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration reduces interleukin-1 induced expression of E-selectin in an in vivo model of acute inflammation. Circulation. 2001;103:108–112
- High-density lipoprotein restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation. 2002;105:1399–1402
- Nofer JR, Levkau B, Wolinska I, et al. Suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and HDL-associated lysosphingolipids. J Biol Chem 276;34480-5.
- High-density lipoprotein function: recent advances. JACC. 2005;46:1792–1798
- High density lipoprotein binding to scavenger receptor-B1 activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nat Med. 2001;7:853–857
- High density lipoprotein binding to scavenger receptor, Class B, type I activates endothelial nitric-oxide syntase in a ceramide-dependent manner. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:11058–11063
- Suppression of endothelial cell apotosis by high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and HDL-associated lysosphingolipids. J Clin Invest. 2004;113:569–581
- Stimulation of arterial endothelial cell prostacyclin synthesis by high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem. 1982;257:6653–6655
- Stimulation of endothelin-1 release by low density and very low density lipoproteins in cultured human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis. 1993;101:185–190
- Effects of high-density lipoprotein on acetylcholine-induced vasoreactivity. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68(15):1425–1430
- Activation of fibrinolysis by apolipoproteins of high density lipoproteins in man. Thromb Res. 1985;39(1):1–8
- HDL3-mediated inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding occurs via decreased production of phosphoinositide-derived second messengers 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:861–869
- . Interaction of plasma lipoproteins with human platelets. Blood. 1984;64:365–374
- High density lipoprotein enhancement of anticoagulant activities of plasma protein S and activated protein C. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:219–227
- . Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults. (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final Report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421
- Assmann G, von Eckardstein A, Funke H, et al. High density lipoproteins, reverse transport of cholesterol, and coronary artery disease. Insights from mutations. Circulation 87;III28-34.
- Mapping a gene involved in regulating dietary cholesterol absorption. (The sitosterolemia locus is found at chromosome 2p21). J Clin Invest. 1998;102(5):1041–1044
- The LDL receptor locus in familial hypercholesterolemia: mutational analysis of a membrane protein. Annu Rev Genet. 1990;24:133–170
- Haplotypes and SNPs in 13 lipid-relevant genes explain most of the genetic variance in high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13:993–1104
- Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated oxidative stress and dysfunctional dense high-density lipoprotein particles displaying impaired antioxidative activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:4963–4971
- Impact of BMI on coronary heart disease risk factors in men and women; the Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:1509–1515
- . Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:320–328
- Effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy subjects: the DELTA study, protocol 1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:441–449
- . Nonpharmacologic management of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(s):41L–45L
- Effects of different forms of dietary hydrogenated fats on serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1933–1940
- . The fats of life: the role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(18):2185–2192
- Suppression by diets rich in fish oil of very low density lipoprotein production in man. J Clin Invest. 1984;74(1):82–89
- . N-3 fatty acids and lipoproteins: comparison of results from human and animal studies. Lipids. 1996;31:243–252
- Effect of dietary -3 fatty acids on high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein AI kinetics in type II diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2001;157:131–135
- . What do muscles have to do with lipoproteins?. Circulation. 1990;81:1428–1430
- Exercise training has little effect on HDL levels and metabolism in men with initially low HDL cholesterol. Atherosclerosis. 1998;137:215–221
- Role of exercise and weight loss in maximizing LDL cholesterol reduction. Eur Heart J Suppl. 1999;1(suppl S):S123–S131
- . Evidence of major genes for plasma HDL, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels at baseline and in response to 20 weeks of endurance training: the HERITAGE Family Study. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26:414–419
- . Smoking and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 1992;93:8S–12S
- Cigarette smoking and HDL cholesterol: the Framingham Offspring Study. Atherosclerosis. 1978;30:17–25
- Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ. 1999;319:1523–1528
- . Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on high density lipoprotein subfractions in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1991;15:207–211
- . Optimal therapy of low levels of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2003;3(1):53–65
- Niacin accelerates intracellular ApoB degredation by inhibiting triacylglycerol synthesis in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:1051–1059
- Niacin decreases removal of high-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein A-I but not cholesterol ester by Hep G2 cells (Implication for reverse cholesterol transport). Arterioscler Thromb Basc Biol. 1997;17:2020–2028
- Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation. 2004;110:3512–3517
- Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1583–1592
- Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1289–1298
- A randomized trial of a strategy for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: effects on progression of coronary heart disease and clinical events. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:95–104
- Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. JACC. 1986;8(6):1245–1255
- Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein subclass distribution. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(12):1432–1436
- . Nicotinic acid as a lipoprotein-altering agent (Therapy directed by the primary physician). Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1557
- Comparative effects of lovastatin and niacin in primary hypercholesterolemia (A prospective trial). Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1586–1595
- Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998;98:2088–2093
- . PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma activators induce cholesterol removal from human macrophage foam cells through stimulation of the ABCA1 pathway. Nat Med. 2001;7:53–58
- Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410–418
- Niacin-ER and lovastatin treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1177–1184
- Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1849–1861
- Role of fibrates in the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(9B):30F–35F
- Metabolic basis of high density lipoproteins and apolipoprotein A-I increase by HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in healthy subjects and a patient with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 1999;144:177–184
- . Are the effects of statins on HDL-cholesterol clinically relevant?. Eur Heart J. 2004;6(suppl C):C58–C63
- Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2001;357:577–581
- Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvistatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:152–160
- Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation. 2000;102:1893–1900
- Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623–1630
- MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7–22
- Relation between baseline and on-treatment lipid parameters and first acute major coronary events in the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Circulation. 2000;101:477–484
- Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS (Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study). JAMA. 1998;279:1615–1622
- . Baseline serum cholesterol and treatment effect in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1995;345:1274–1275
- http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00120289?order=1
- http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000620?order=4
- Zetia (ezetimibe) package insert. Kenilworth, NJ: Schering Corporation, 2002.
- Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science. 2004;303:1201–1204
- . Cholesterol absorption inhibitors for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs. 2002;62:2333–2347
- Effect of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation. 2003;107:2409–2415
- An antidiabetic thiazoladinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma). J Biol Chem. 1995;270:12953–12956
- Activation of human peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes by pioglitazone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;278:704–711
- Effects of the PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1323–1332
- Yki-Jarvinen H. Thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med 351;11:1106-18.
- Effects of pioglitazone on lipoproteins, inflammatory markers and adipokines in nondiabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Atherioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:182–188
- Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type two diabetes in the PROactive study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial I macrovascular Events): a randomized control trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1279–1289
- A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1547–1554
- Differential effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators of the mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Metabolism. 2003;52:652–657
- Pioglitazone reduces atherogenic dense LDL particles in nondiabetic patients with arterial hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2588–2594
- . Rationale, design and recruitment of a large, simple, international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologica. 2004;47:1519–1527
- Ragaglitazar improves glycemic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1324–1329
- Effect of muraglitazar on death and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2005;294(20):2581–2586
- . Estradiol-induced alteration of very-low-density lipoprotein assembly (Possible competition among apoproteins for incorporation into nascent very-low-density lipoprotein). J Boil Chem. 1984;259:15277–15286
- . Effects of postmenopausal estrogen replacement on the concentrations and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1196–1204
- Estrogen plus progestin and the ris of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:523–534
- The effect of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen on cardiovascular risk factors in normal postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;3191–3195
- Effects of Raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:125–137
- Anti-inflammatory HDL becomes pro-inflammatory during the acute phase response (Loss of protective effect of HDL against LDL oxidation in aortic wall cell cocultures). J Clin Invest. 1995;96:2758–2767
- Effects of Rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2121–2134
- Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet. 2005;365:1389–1397
- Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients: RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295:761–775
- . Relationship of the phenotypic expression of apo-A-I Milano apoprotein with plasma lipid and lipoprotein patterns. Circulation. 1998;97:780–785
- Identification of the complete kindred and evidence of a dominant genetic transmission. Am J Hum Genet. 1985;37:1083–1097
- Cardiovascular status of carriers of the apolipoprotein A-I (Milano) mutant: the Limone sul Garda Study. Circulation. 2001;103:1949–1954
- Increased cholesterol efflux potential of sera from apo-A-I Milano carriers and transgenic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:1257–1262
- High dose recombinant apo-A-I Milano mobilizes tissue cholesterol and rapidly reduces plaque lipid and macrophage content in apolipoprotein-e deficient mice. Circulation. 2001;103:3047–3050
- Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2003;290:2292–2300
- Human apolipoprotein A-I and A-I mimetic peptides:potential for atherosclerosis reversal. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004;15:645–649
- Molecular basis of lipid transfer protein deficiency in a family with increased high-density lipoproteins. Nature. 1989;342:448–451
- . Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein-TaqB1 polymorphism with variations in lipoprotein subclasses and coronary heart disease ris:the Framingham study. Arteriosclerosis Vasc Biol. 2000;20:1323–1329
- . A cholesteryl ester transfer protein attenuates atherosclerosis in rabbits. Nature. 2000;406:203–207
- Morehouse LA. The CETP-inhibitor Torctrapib raises HDL and prevents aortic atherosclerosis in rabbits. Presented at XV International Symposium on Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism, October 24 to 27, 2004, Venice, Italy.
- Vaccine-induced antibodies inhibit CETP activity in vivo and reduce aortic lesions in a rabbit model or atherosclerosis. Ateriosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:2106–2112
- Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor (JTT-705) and the development of atherosclerosis in rabbits with severe hypercholesterolaemia. Clin Sci (Lond). 2002;103:587–594
- Increased coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men with mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene despite increased HDL levels. J Clin Invest. 1996;97:2917–2923
- Cholesteryl ester transfer protein concentration is associated with progression of atherosclerosis and response to pravastatin in men with coronary artery disease (REGRESS). Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34:21–28
- Plasma levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein and the risk of future coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women:the prospective EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition)-Norfolk population study. Circulation. 2004;110:1418–1423
- The relationship between cholesteryl ester transfer protein levels and risk profile in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2004;173:261–267
- The safety and immunogenicity of a CETP vaccine in healthy adults. Atherosclerosis. 2003;169:113–120
- De Grooth GJ. Efficacy and safety of a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, JTT-705, in humans: a randomized phase II dose-response study. Circulation 105:2159-65.
- . Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by JTT-705 in combination with pravastatin in type II dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1085–1088
- Consequences of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition in patients with familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:e133–e134
- Raising high-density lipoprotein in humans through inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein: an initial multidose study of torcetrapib. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:490–497
- Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on HDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1505–1515
- Description of the torcetrapib series of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, including mechanism of action. J Lipid Res. 2006;47:537–552
- Davison M. Efficacy and safety of a novel CETP inhibitor torcetrapib administered with and without atorvastatin in subjects with a low level of HDL-C. Am Coll Cardiol Scientific Session 2005 March 6-9 2005, Orlando, FL.
- Effects of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition on high-density lipoprotein subspecies, apolipoprotein A-I metabolism, and fecal sterol excretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1057–1064
- . Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults. (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final Report. Circulation. 2002;106:3142–3421
- American Diabetes Association Position Statement. (Dyslipidemia management in adults with diabetes). Diabetes Care. 2004;27(suppl 1):S68–S71
- Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation. 2004;109(5):672–693
- . New perspectives on the management of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(10):1049–1057
PII: S0146-2806(07)00005-9
doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2007.01.004
© 2007 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Next »
Current Problems in Cardiology
Volume 32, Issue 5
, Pages 268-314
, May 2007
