« Previous
Current Problems in Cardiology
Volume 31, Issue 12
, Pages 769-817
, December 2006
Modern Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction
References
- ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1–211
- Recent trends in acute coronary heart disease—mortality, morbidity, medical care, and risk factors (The Minnesota Heart Survey Investigators). N Engl J Med. 1996;334:884–890
- Trends in the incidence and survival of patients with hospitalized myocardial infarction, Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1979 to 1994. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:341–348
- Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:897–902
- Coronary arteriographic findings soon after non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:417–423
- Prediction of acute left main coronary artery obstruction by 12-lead electrocardiography (ST segment elevation in lead aVR with less ST segment elevation in lead V(1)). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1348–1354
- Myocardial infarction redefined—a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:959–969
- Diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction with measurement of cardiac troponin I. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:670–674
- Prognostic influence of elevated values of cardiac troponin I in patients with unstable angina. Circulation. 1997;95:2053–2059
- Value of serial troponin T measures for early and late risk stratification in patients with acute coronary syndromes (The GUSTO-IIa Investigators). Circulation. 1998;98:1853–1859
- Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia (GUSTO IIA Investigators). N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1333–1341
- The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:146–150
- Outcome at 1 year after an invasive compared with a non-invasive strategy in unstable coronary-artery disease: the FRISC II invasive randomised trial. FRISC II Investigators. Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease. Lancet. 2000;356:9–16
- National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Standards of Laboratory Practice: recommendations for the use of cardiac markers in coronary artery diseases. Clin Chem. 1999;45:1104–1121
- . Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit (A two year experience with 250 patients). Am J Cardiol. 1967;20:457–464
- . Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet. 1988;2:349–360
- Cumulative meta-analysis of therapeutic trials for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:248–254
- Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ. 1999;318:1730–1737
- Immediate versus deferred beta-blockade following thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction (Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) II-B Study). Circulation. 1991;83:422–437
- COMMIT (ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborative group (Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial). Lancet. 2005;366:1622–1632
- . Beta-blocker therapy and primary angioplasty: what is the controversy?. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1788–1790
- . Intravenous nitroglycerin therapy to limit myocardial infarct size, expansion, and complications (Effect of timing, dosage, and infarct location). Circulation. 1988;78:906–919
- Effect of intravenous nitroglycerin on collateral blood flow and infarct size in the conscious dog. Circulation. 1981;63:17–28
- Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (doi;10.1056/NEJMoa060898). N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1477–1488
- Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with enoxaparin, abciximab, or unfractionated heparin: the ASSENT-3 randomised trial in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2001;358:605–613
- . Reperfusion for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: an overview of current treatment options. Circulation. 2002;105:2813–2816
- . Acute myocardial infarction: reperfusion treatment. Heart. 2002;88:298–305
- Pharmacological facilitation of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: is the slope of the curve the shape of the future?. JAMA. 2005;293:979–986
- . A comparison of reteplase with alteplase for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1118–1123
- Single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction: the ASSENT-2 double-blind randomised trial (Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Investigators). Lancet. 1999;354:716–722
- . Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;361:13–20
- Time delay to treatment and mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: every minute of delay counts. Circulation. 2004;109:1223–1225
- . Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything?. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:824–826
- Early administration of reteplase plus abciximab vs abciximab alone in patients with acute myocardial infarction referred for percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled Trial. JAMA. 2004;291:947–954
- Van de Werf F. ASSENT 4, European Society of Cardiology Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005.
- Combined Angioplasty and Pharmacological Intervention Versus Thrombolysis Alone in Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAPITAL AMI Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:417–424
- Rescue angioplasty after failed thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction (doi;10.1056/NEJMoa050849). N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2758–2768
- Routine invasive strategy within 24 hours of thrombolysis versus ischaemia-guided conservative approach for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (GRACIA-1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1045–1053
- . Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel. Circulation. 1999;100:1667–1672
- Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1179–1189
- Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet. 2001;358:527–533
- New antithrombotics. Chest. 1995;108:471S–485S
- Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet. 1988;332:349–360
- Abciximab facilitates the rate and extent of thrombolysis: results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 14 trial. Circulation. 1999;99:2720–2732
- Trial of abciximab with and without low-dose reteplase for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;101:2788–2794
- . Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: The GUSTO V randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1905–1914
- Combination reperfusion therapy with eptifibatide and reduced-dose tenecteplase for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: results of the integrilin and tenecteplase in acute myocardial infarction (INTEGRITI) Phase II Angiographic trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1251–1260
- . Effects of abciximab pretreatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:533–536
- . Prehospital versus periprocedural administration of abciximab in STEMI: early and late results from the randomised REOMOBILE-study. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:268
- Early administration of abciximab bolus in the emergency room improves microperfusion after primary percutaneous coronary intervention, as assessed by TIMI frame count: results of the ERAMI trial. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:543
- Adjunctive platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition with tirofiban before primary angioplasty improves angiographic outcomes: results of the TIrofiban Given in the Emergency Room before Primary Angioplasty (TIGER-PA) Pilot Trial. Circulation. 2003;107:1497-1.
- Effect of tirofiban before primary angioplasty on initial coronary flow and early ST-segment resolution in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:977–980
- on behalf of the On-TIME study group (Facilitation of primary coronary angioplasty by early start of a glycoprotein 2b/3a inhibitor: results of the ongoing tirofiban in myocardial infarction evaluation (On-TIME) trial). Eur Heart J. 2004;25:837–846
- Emergency room administration of eptifibatide before primary angioplasty for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction and its effect on baseline coronary flow and procedure outcomes. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:62–64
- Early eptifibatide improves TIMI 3 patency before primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: results of the randomized integrilin in acute myocardial infarction (INTAMI) pilot trial. Eur Heart J. 2005;ehi293
- Early vs late administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in primary percutaneous coronary intervention of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292:362–366
- Clinical and angiographic correlates and outcomes of suboptimal coronary flow inpatients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1739–1746
- Ability of the no-reflow phenomenon during an acute myocardial infarction to predict left ventricular dysfunction at one-month follow-up. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:861–868
- Clinical implications of the ‘no reflow’ phenomenon: a predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;93:223–228
- ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1366–1374
- Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II)). N Engl J Med. 1992;327:678–684
- GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’infarto Miocardico). Lancet. 1994;343:1115–1122
- . ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1995;345:669–685
- Oral captopril versus placebo among 13,634 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: interim report from the Chinese Cardiac Study (CCS-1). Lancet. 1995;345:686–687
- Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction (Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial). N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669–677
- A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction (Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group). N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1670–1676
- . Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet. 1993;342:821–828
- . The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction (The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators). N Engl J Med. 1995;332:80–85
- Acute intervention with captopril during thrombolysis in patients with first anterior myocardial infarction (Results from the Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS)). Eur Heart J. 1994;15:898–907
- . Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 1999;282:2340–2346
- . The potential relevance of the multiple lipid-independent (pleiotropic) effects of statins in the management of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1425–1433
- Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both (doi;10.1056/NEJMoa032292). N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1893–1906
- Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction (doi;10.1056/NEJMoa030207). N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309–1321
- The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: a method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. doi;10.1001/jama.284.7.835. JAMA. 2000;284:835–842
- Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability in coronary artery disease, Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) study group. Lancet. 1996;347:561–568
- Randomized trial of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease: one-year results of the ESSENCE Study (Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q Wave Coronary Events). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:693–698
- Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta-analysis). Circulation. 1999;100:1602–1608
- . Long-term low-molecular-mass heparin in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. Lancet. 1999;354:701–707
- Comparison of two treatment durations (6 days and 14 days) of a low molecular weight heparin with a 6-day treatment of unfractionated heparin in the initial management of unstable angina or non-Q wave myocardial infarction: FRAX.I.S. (FRAxiparine in Ischaemic Syndrome). Eur Heart J. 1999;20:1553–1562
- . Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes (doi;10.1056/NEJMoa055443). N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1464–1476
- . A comparison of aspirin plus tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1498–1505
- . Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1488–1497
- Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in unstable angina: receptor suppression using integrilin therapy. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:436–443
- Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of titrated intravenous lamifiban for acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2002;105:316–321
- International, randomized, controlled trial of lamifiban (a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor), heparin, or both in unstable angina. The PARAGON Investigators. Platelet IIb/IIIa antagonism for the reduction of acute coronary syndrome events in a global organization network. Circulation. 1998;97:2386–2395
- . Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularisation: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1915–1924
- Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:494-2.
- The effect of clopidogrel in combination with aspirin when given before coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:231–237
- Abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment: The ISAR-REACT 2 Randomized Trial (doi;10.1001/jama.295.13.joc60034). JAMA. 2006;295:1531–1538
- A prospective randomized trial of triage angiography in acute coronary syndromes ineligible for thrombolytic therapy (Results of the medicine versus angiography in thrombolytic exclusion (MATE) trial). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:596–605
- Outcomes in patients with acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction randomly assigned to an invasive as compared with a conservative management strategy (Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies in Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial Investigators). N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1785–1792
- Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study (FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease Investigators). Lancet. 1999;354:708–715
- Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1879–1887
- Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial (Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina). Lancet. 2002;360:743–751
- Early invasive versus selectively invasive management for acute coronary syndromes (doi;10.1056/NEJMoa044259). N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1095–1104
- Early repair of mechanical complications after acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1986;256:47–50
- Papillary muscle rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction: analysis of 17 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:373–377
- Mitral valve surgery for acute papillary muscle rupture following myocardial infarction. J Heart Valve Dis. 2002;11:27–31
- Cardiac rupture, mortality and the timing of thrombolytic therapy: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:359–367
- Primary angioplasty reduces risk of myocardial rupture compared to thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1997;42:151–157
- A composite view of cardiac rupture in the United States National Registry of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1321–1326
- Diagnostic criteria and management of subacute ventricular free wall rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:397–405
- Fatal cardiac rupture among patients treated with thrombolytic agents and adjunctive thrombin antagonists—observations from the thrombolysis and thrombin inhibition in myocardial infarction 9 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:479–487
- Comparison of incidence of cardiac rupture among patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis versus percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:1105–1108
- Primary angioplasty reduces the risk of left ventricular free wall rupture compared with thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:598–603
- One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA. 2001;285:190–192
- Cardiogenic shock due to cardiac free-wall rupture or tamponade after acute myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1117–1122
- Diagnosis of subacute ventricular wall rupture after acute myocardial infarction: sensitivity and specificity of clinical, hemodynamic and echocardiographic criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:1145–1153
- Early repair of ventricular septal rupture after infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1980;45:345–348
- Urgent surgery for ventricular septal rupture complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1985;72:II185–90
- Sutureless repair of postinfarction cardiac rupture. J Card Surg. 1988;3:491–493
- Sutureless patch technique for postinfarction left ventricular rupture. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:96–101
- . Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:557–561
- Clinical characteristics and outcome in postinfarction pseudoaneurysm. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:592–595A8
- Clinical and electrocardiographic variables associated with increased risk of ventricular septal defect in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:830–834
- Prognosis in rupture of the ventricular septum after acute myocardial infarction and role of early surgical intervention. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:147–151
- Risk factors, angiographic patterns, and outcomes in patients with ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;101:27–32
- Surgery for post infarction ventricular septal defect (VSD): risk factors for hospital death and long term results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21:725–732
- . Transcatheter management of ventricular septal rupture after myocardial infarction. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;10:128–132
- Frequency and prognostic implications of conduction defects in acute myocardial infarction since the introduction of thrombolytic therapy. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:893–898
- Acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart block in the elderly: prevalence and outcomes. Am Heart J. 2001;141:47–54
- Complete atrioventricular block complicating acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:1721–1728
- Incidence and prognostic implications of heart block complicating inferior myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy: results from TIMI II. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:533–540
- . Reversal of atropine-resistant atrioventricular block with intravenous aminophylline in the early phase of inferior wall acute myocardial infarction following treatment with streptokinase. Eur Heart J. 1995;16:862–865
- Intravenous magnesium sulphate in suspected acute myocardial infarction: results of the second Leicester Intravenous Magnesium Intervention Trial (LIMIT-2). Lancet. 1992;339:1553–1558
- Bundle-branch block and in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction (National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Investigators). Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:690–697
- Bundle branch block as a predictor of long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:205–209
- Atrial fibrillation in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: the GUSTO-I experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:406–413
- The occurrence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation/-flutter following acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:748–754
- Acute myocardial infarction complicated by atrial fibrillation in the elderly—prevalence and outcomes. Circulation. 2000;101:969–974
- Atrial fibrillation and mortality among patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation: results from the PURSUIT trial. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:76–79
- Recent trends in the incidence rates of and death rates from atrial fibrillation complicating initial acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. Am Heart J. 2002;143:519–527
- Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: final results of the randomized national multicentre trial—PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:94–4
- A randomized trial of transfer for primary angioplasty versus on-site thrombolysis in patients with high-risk myocardial infarction: the air primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1713–1719
- A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:733–742
- Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin acutely and with placebo for 6 weeks in the management of unstable coronary artery disease (Fragmin in unstable coronary artery disease study (FRIC)). Circulation. 1997;96:61–68
- A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease (Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group). N Engl J Med. 1997;337:447–452
- Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial). Circulation. 1999;100:1593–1601
- . Acute coronary syndromes: drug treatments. Lancet. 1999;353:SII20–3
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
PII: S0146-2806(06)00115-0
doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2006.08.004
© 2006 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
« Previous
Current Problems in Cardiology
Volume 31, Issue 12
, Pages 769-817
, December 2006
